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Wednesday, October 23, 2013

What an art history text does not reveal

I went back to Florence on a day trip to see things I had missed. Santa Felicita in Florence is one of the oldest in the city first built in the 4th c.
It's current interior was rebuilt in the 18th c. The facade was transformed in  the 16th century to build the Vasari Corridor for the Medici.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Felicita_di_Firenze

The church contains one of the masterpieces of the 16th century Mannerist style by Pontormo. It is in every art history text. It is a surprise to see it in situ in a dark chapel immediately to the right of the entrance. The Capponi Chapel was first designed in the 15th century by Brunellischi. You put a euro in a coin box and the lights turn on and there is an audio guide.


On the right is a fresco by the artist of the Annunciation painted 8 years earlier.
Putting your camera between the bars you see the painting.
Pontormo painted this Deposition in 1528 in oil on wood.
It is considered one of the first examples of the Mannerist style in which the space is compressed, the figures distorted and the colors intensified for emotional and artistic purposes . The viewer sees it in photographs with the distortion caused by perspective eliminated. You also do not get to see the frame or the rest of the chapel.
Above the painting are frescoes in roundels of the 4 evangelists as though  peering out at the scene. His apprentice Bronzino added his skills here.
To the right is Pontormo's Annunciation frescoed  in 1520. The tabernacle was added in the 18th c.
It is wonderful to see these images in their  more or less original location. Images in texts take away the mystery and magic of reality and discovery.
Here is the Arno River in the late afternoon.







Sunday, September 29, 2013

At The American Academy Rome

I am spending 6 weeks at the American Academy in Rome. Here are some pictures of the Academy.

The Entrance to the Academy

Looking back to the street
There are 4 large studios in the front for Fellows in Sculpture.
This is the cortile with a fountain by Paul Manship.
Around the cortile are fragments of the ancient Roman past found when the Academy was built

Here is a monument for WW I veterans.
 
In the spring, summer and fall the Fellows eat outside in the cortile.

Good conversations.
Overall the Academy owns 7 acres on Janiculum Hill the highest point overlooking Rome.


My partner Mary Margaret Hansen and I live in the 
 adjacent apartment building.


I have a room in which to paint

We are in the building with the tower.
From our rooms I look up at the studio I occupied in 1981-82

The Academy has an extensive library for research.

The Academy has a photo archive or Archeological sites  in Rome, Italy, the 
Mediterranean and of the history of the Academy. They have photographs of the portraits I painted of the fellows when I was here, but they did not have the artist identified. I am doing that in the photo.
 The Academy also has a teaching collection of antiquities which are available to the fellows.
How good to actually touch the objects and not just see them behind glass.
We can choose to eat with the fellows or cook for ourselves.
Here I am carrying groceries back from the market along the ancient Roman wall which encloses the large garden.
 Rome at dawn from the Academy.
The Dome of St. Peter's at dawn from the Janiculum hill.







Monday, September 23, 2013

Sabbatical in Italy: Florentine Experience


Sabbatical leave from Lonestar College, TX, brought a great opportunity – an eight-week trip to Rome and other Italian cities to study and savor Renaissance paintings and architecture. I am traveling with Mary Margaret Hansen and the photos in this post are hers.  Our trip purposefully began in Florence, as this is the city where the Modern World emerged about 1400.
It was during the early fifteenth century that the people of Florence discovered the concept of ‘the individual’, which means that a human being begins to think of himself as unique and looks at his world with fresh eyes, much as we do today. From that century forward, the ‘old’ view has given way to the ‘new’ way of experiencing life.  Often as with a birth, there is pain, and inevitably, the ‘new’ triumphs. Today, we are still living this Renaissance, which began six centuries ago.
In Florence, the ‘new’ took place within the sphere of the arts and as a part of the ‘body politic’. The citizens of the city, i.e., the rich merchant class, all male, commissioned artists to depict this fresh world view in paintings, sculpture and architecture, always using the fragments of the Roman world as a model. The ‘new’ was at first placed within the traditional religious iconography, but by the end of the century, older classical Greco/Roman iconography encroached.
An example of the ‘new’ is the church of Santa Maria Novella.

Here is a night time view of this important church, as seen from our hotel window. 
The church was built between the years of 1279-1357 by the Dominican order and was remodeled and given a new facade, designed by Alberti, in the fifteenth century. It is a Renaissance church, filled with the new visual ideas stemming from the rethinking of Classical art.
The walls of Santa Maria Novella contain many frescos depicting the ways that artists saw the world in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. For instance, Masaccio's Trinity, dated 1427, is unprecedented for its time. It contains one of the first usages of lineal perspective, classical architectural elements, correct physical anatomy as well as individual portraits of the donors, Mr. and Mrs Lenzi, both buried beneath the fresco.
Here I am looking up at early fourteenth century pre-Renaissance frescos by unknown artists in the  Spanish Chapel, adjacent to the church and so named because it was used by Spanish courtiers of Eleonora of Toledo, wife of Cosimo Medici I in the 16th century.
One easily gets a stiff neck by the end of a day. The frescos all begin above the wainscoting and move up and across high ceilings.

And there are always tour groups with all eyes focused upward. 
Inside the Santa Maria Novella church itself is another famous fresco by Lippo Lippi, dated in the late fifteenth century which has perspective, classical details, more natural and dramatic human figures, plus a great deal of fantasy.
There are also frescos painted by Ghirlandaio in the church's Tornabuoni Chapel, dated 1485. Ghirlandaio was one of Michaelangelo's first teachers. In this fresco, Tornabuoni family members become participants in the religious scene titled Birth of the Virgin Mary.
Here is another image from the same chapel, which is filled with individual portraits of Florentines. When these frescos appear in art history texts, they look completely different than they do in situ. As you can from this photograph, frescos are stacked one on top of the other in places with little natural light, often making them difficult to see. Sometimes, there are coin operated light sources that shine on the paintings for several minutes.
The streets outside this church are narrow and filled with both pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
A few blocks walk takes us to the Duomo, Santa Maria della Fiore, the largest church of its day. Its construction began in 1296 and took 150 years to complete. Today, it is also 'tourist central'.
The church's present decorative facade was installed in the nineteenth century, five hundred years after the church was originally built.
The shadow comes from the Baptistry, adjacent to the Duomo. It's late in the day and the space is still jammed with tourists.
The Baptistry dates from the fourth century to the thirteenth century.
Brunelleschi is the architect who designed the dome for this church. The dome is an example of revolutionary ideas, this one involving new building technologies. Brunelleschi built this dome with no interior supports. The dome has two interlocking domes, made with bricks. Until the dome of St Peter's in Rome was build one hundred years later, the Duomo was the largest dome in the world. Brunelleschi was the architect and thinker who reinvented the science of perspective.


Here is a view of the Duomo from the top of the Palazzo Vecchio. You can see how it dwarfs other buildings in Florence.
The Arno River runs through the city and is spanned by many bridges. The Ponte Vecchio is a fourteenth century bridge that has been covered with jewelry shops for hundreds of years. Today, it is also a tourist magnet. 
Below is a photo of the Palazzo Vecchio, the seat of government in Florence since the fourteenth century. In front of the edifice is the magnificent sculpture of David by Michelangelo. In 1873, the original David was moved to the Academia in an act of preservation. A copy stands in the Plaza Piazza della Signoria.
In front of the Palazzo Vecchio is Neptune Fountain, dated 1575, designed by Ammannati. It is another magnet for tourists with cameras.
Naked statues abound in Italy. And tourists abound too.
 
Below is Chellini's bronze Perseus with the Head of Medusa 1545
The interior of the Palazzo Vecchio is covered with fresco's from the sixteenth century and generally glorify the Medici  family who now controlled and ruled Florence. 
Nearby is the Franciscan's Santa Croce, Florence's most important church. Important for several reasons: it is big, many of the city's most important families are buried there and its walls are covered with Renaissance masterpieces. 

The church's high altar in under restoration, a problem often found in Italy.
Both Michelangelo and Galileo are buried in Santa Croce as well as many wealthy Florentine families. Below is an image of Michelangelo's tomb. None of his work is included.
Above is as a photo of the Bardi Chapel which has frescos by Giotto, an artist considered the precursor

 of the Renaissance.

This fresco is Giotto's Death of St. Francis, painted in the beginning of the fourteenth century. A tomb was placed in front of this fresco in the seventeenth century and Giotto's frescos were white-washed because they were not appreciated and considered old fashioned. They were discovered hundreds of years later when art history became an academic discipline.
Another of Giotto's frescos from the same chapel shows even more damage by the placement of a tomb in front of it. The fresco directly above the greatly damaged one is a favorite of mine. It depicts St. Francis attempts to convert the Sultan of Egypt to Christianity by walking through fire. The Sultan gestures at the saint while his priests exit on the left. It looks so different in a text book. The fresco is magnificent.
The image above is in the Baroncelli Chapel, frescoed by Giotto's pupil Gaddi. After Giotto innovations, every artist worked within his concepts, however, but none displayed the  psychological power of his work.
In 1966, Santa Croce was flooded by the Arno and many major works were damaged or destroyed.
Pictured below is what remains of the large Crucifix, painted by Giotto's teacher,  Cimabue.
After the flood, restorers spent years salvaging the piece. Much of the damage still remains.

Below is a print of the Santa Croce church. Like the Duomo, it had no facade until the nineteenth century. In 1863, Francis Sloan, an Englishman, paid for the building of the church facade we see today.

Next door to Santa Croce church is the Pazzi Family Chapel, Brunelleschi's last work, completed  after his death. The chapel,  too, is in all the text books, but truly must be seen to be understood and appreciated. 

At last, it's days end and time for a good meal. We venture through the narrow streets to find a small restaurant with simple, tasty food, beginning with a prosciutto and arugula salad and vino de la casa.

Buona Sera